第三讲 推理判断类专项训练
【分类考试真题】
（2019年全国卷2、B）
"You can use me as a last resort（选择）, and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it." This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse（长曲棍球）club.
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and __________. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on… At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, "Alright. Yes, I’ll do it."
I’m secretly relieved because I know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connecting to the community（社区）as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I’m pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I’d freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?
24. What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph l?
A. She knows little about the club. B. She isn't good at sports.
C. She just doesn't want to volunteer. D. She's unable to meet her schedule.
【答案】.C
【分析】推理判断题。本题题干意为：从第一段那位父母的回答中大家可以判断出关于她的什么？文章中，那位父母的回答是“你可以把我作为最后一个选择，假如没别的人想当志愿者，那样我就做”。依据其回答可以了解，她其实是不太想做志愿者的，故C项正确。
25. What does the underlined phrase "tug at the heartstrings" in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Encourage team work. B. Appeal to feelings.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
【答案】.B
【分析】词义猜测题。本题题干意为：第二段中的画线短语“tug at the he-artstrings"的意思是什么？依据上下文可知，此处表示“我”又试了一次，这回开始打感情牌。画线短语意为“触动心弦”，故B项正确。A:鼓励团队合作；C:促进好行为；D:提供建议。
26. What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?
A. She gets interested in lacrosse. B. She is proud of her kids.
C. She’ll work for another season. D. She becomes a good helper.
【答案】.D
【分析】推理判断题。本题题干意为：从第三段中，大家可以得知那位父母的那种情况？在文章的第三段，作者记述了那位父母在活动中所做的事情，即安排饮食计划、发送邮件、募筹资金等，她成了团队中一个要紧的成员。因此D项（她成了一个好助手）正确。
27. Why does the author like doing volunteer work?
A. It gives her a sense of duty. B. It makes her very happy.
C. It enables her to work hard. D. It brings her material rewards.
【答案】.B
【分析】推理判断题。本题题干意为：为何作者喜欢做志愿工作？依据文章倒数第二段中的“Connecting to the community...provides a real joy”与“Volunteering just feels so good.”可知，作者觉得，做志愿工作能让她高兴。故B项正确。A:这给予她一种责任感；C:这让她能努力工作；D:这给她带来了物质上的回报。
（2019年全国卷3、C）
Before the 1830s,most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"— a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possibleto buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged —and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventureswere immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
28.Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?
A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.
【答案】.B
【分析】细节理解题。本题题干意为：下面什么选项对19世纪30年代之前美国报纸情况的描述是最准确的？依据文章第一段的描述可知当时的报纸非常昂贵，只有富人才能买得起。同时，当时的不少报纸对大众没吸引力。因此B项（没吸引力的）符合题意。A:学术的；C:实惠的；D:机密的。
29.What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
【答案】.C
【分析】 推理判断题。本题题干意为：街头销售对报纸来讲意味着什么依据文章第二段的描述，当报纸开始在街头销售之后，价格非常低，容易买到，所以C项（它们会有更多的读者）符合题意。A:它们的定价将会更高；B:它们将从城市消失；D:它们将重获公众的信赖
30.Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?
A. Local politicians. B. Common people.
C. Young publishers. D. Rich businessmen.
【答案】.B
【分析】细节理解题。本题题干意为：新趋势下报纸的目的群体是什么人？依据文章第二段和第三段对报纸改革的描述，特别是第二段的The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.可知，新的趋势为报纸大众化。故B项（普通人）符合题意。
31.What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
【答案】.A
【分析】推理判断题。本题题干意为：大家可以怎么样评价“一分报纸”的诞生？依据文章对“一分报纸”进步经历的描述，特别是最后一段的This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well.、实验（ex-periment)、实验结果（the results of the experiment)等关键字，向读者展示了自然科学研究成就，因此本篇文章在报纸中应放在科学版块，故答案为D项。A:娱乐；B:健康；C:教育。
（2018年全国卷1、D）
We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment- and our wallets - as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental cosplayts for each product throughout its life - from when its minerals are mined to when we sTOP using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s.Devices were grouped by generation. DeskTOP computers， basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997.And WP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002，before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day ，you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices - We continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old deskTOP monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what' s the solution? The team' s data only went up to2007， but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and deskTOP computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly.
B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cosplayt more to use at home.
D. They go out of style quickly.
【答案】.A
【分析】推理判断题。本题题干意为：作者觉得新装置如何？依据第一段最后一句可知，继续用过时的装置对环境和大家的钱包都不是好消息，由于它们与新装置相比，做相同的事情会消耗更多的能源。由此可判断，作者觉得新装置有益于环保。
33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cosplayt of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
【答案】.D
【分析】细节理解题。本题题干意为：为何Babbitt的团队要进行这项研究？依据第二段第一句可知，为了弄了解这类设施消耗多少电量，Babbitt和同事们持续跟踪每一个商品在其用周期内的环境本钱。D项意为“为了查清这类装置耗费的电量。”，与文章内容一致。
34. Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV. D. The deskTOP computer.
【答案】.B
【分析】细节理解题。本题题干意为：以下哪种装置耗能最少？依据第一段可知新装置耗费的能量较少，而第二段则指出与其他几种装置相比，tablets
In the past decade, the use of social media has grown in a way that no one could have guessed. It has turned some teenagers into celebrities and turned the famous into the infamous,overnight.
A key feature of social media, however, is its volatility.Trends come and go, disappearing almost as quickly as they appeared.
Short video apps such as Tik Tok and its Chinese equivalent
A study showed that the experiences children have in their first few years are important. These experiences affect the development of the brain. When children receive more attention,they often have higher IQs. Babies receive information when they see, hear and feel things, which makes connections between different parts of the brain. There are a hundred trillion(万亿）connections in the brain of a three-year-old child.
Researcher Judit Gervain tested how good newborns are at distinguishing different sound patterns. Her researchers produced images of the brains of babies as they heard different sound patterns. For example, one order was mu-ba-ba. This is the pattern"A-B-B". Another order was mu-ba-ge. This is the pattern"A-B-C". The images showed that the part of the brain responsible for speech was more active during the "A-B-B" pattern. This shows that babies can tell the difference between different patterns. They also were sensitive to where it occurred in the order.
Gervain is excited by these findings because the order of sounds is building blocks of words and grammar."Position is key to language," she says. "If something is at the beginning or at the end, it makes a big difference:'John caught the bear.' is very different from ' The bear caught Jone’”
Researchers led by scientist Patricia Kuhl have found that language delivered by televisions, audio books, the Internet, or smartphones-no matter how educational-doesn't appear to be enough for children's brain development. They carried out a study of nine-month-old American babies. They expected the first group who'd watched videos in Chinese to show the same kind of learning as the second group who were brought face-to-face with the same sounds. Instead they found a huge difference.The babies in the second group were able to distinguish between similar Chinese sounds as well as native listeners. But the other babies learned nothing.
1.What makes connections in a baby's brain?
A.Having a higher IQ.
B.Getting new information.
C.The baby's early age.
D.The connections with other babies.
【答案】.B
【分析】细节理解题。依据第一段的 Babies receive information when they see, hear and feel things, which makes connections between differe parts of the brain.可知，婴儿通过看、听、摸等渠道接收到不同信息，这可以让大脑不同部分形成联系，故B项正确。
2. What did Judit Gervain and her team find in the
experiment?
A.Babies identify different sound patterns.
B.Word order is relevant to meaning.
C.Babies can well understand different words.
D.A certain brain region processes language.
【答案】.A
【分析】推理判断题。依据第二段特别是This shows that babies can tell the difference between different patterns.一句可知，实验表明，婴儿在到“A-B-B”声音模式时，负责言语能力的大脑地区比听到“A-B-C”声音模式时愈加活跃，这说明婴儿的大脑可以不同不一样的声音模式，故选A。
3 . What does the underlined sentence mean in Paragraph 3 ?
A.Grammar is important in learning languages.
B.Different orders have different meanings.
C.Different languages have different grammar.
D.Words have different sounds
【答案】.B
【分析】词义猜测题。依据第三段的“If something is at the beginning or at the end, it makes a big difference:'John caught the bear.' is very differ-ent from 'The bear caught John.'"可知，有的东西放在句首和句尾会有非常大的不同，譬如“John抓住了熊”和“熊抓住了John”意思是不同的，由此可知单词地方对于语言来讲非常重要的，单词顺序不同，意思不同。
4.What is the main conclusion from the study led by Patricia Kuhl?
A.Babies shouldn't watch a lot of television.
B.Listening to different languages develops babies' brains.
C.Foreign languages help babies' brains develop.
D.Social communication improves babies' brain development.
【答案】.D
【分析】推理判断题。依据最后一段的 Researchers led by scientist Patricia Kuhl have found that language delivered by televisions, audio books, the Internet, or smartphones-no matter how educational-doesn't appear to be enough for children's brain development.可知，通过电视、有声书、互联网和智能电话等媒介的语言教学，无论教育意义多大，对于婴儿大脑发育都是不够的，依据下文可知，面对面的语言输入才有效，故D项正确。
